Santeria Vocabulary "Lukumi"

A

1. Abakuá

   • English: Afro-Cuban secret male society of Carabalí origin. Not part of Lucumí/Santería proper, though many Santeros belong. Known for initiation rites, masked processions, and sacred drumming (ekón).

   • Lukumí / Notes: Same term; distinct tradition but often overlapping in practice with Lucumí communities.

2. Abiku

   • English: A spirit believed to cause repeated infant death or misfortune; these children’s souls are thought to return to the spirit world unless disrupted by ritual.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Term of Yoruba origin; often worked with in relation to Eleguá and Obatalá to stabilize life.

3. Aboricha (Aborisha)

   • English: A person who has received minor consecrations (like Elekes or Warriors) but has not undergone full initiation (kariocha).

   • Lukumí / Notes: Variant spellings exist; denotes partial affiliation without the full crown.

4. Abure

   • English: “Religious sibling”—someone who shares the same godparent or spiritual lineage in Santería.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Used to describe familial spiritual relationships.

5. Achabá

   • English: A metal charm bracelet or anklet decorated with miniature machetes, hammers, and tools; traditionally worn by priests of Ogún.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Symbolic of Ogún’s tools and protection.

6. Aché (Ashe)

   • English: The sacred spiritual energy or life force present in people, nature, words, prayers, offerings, and rituals. It is the power that makes things happen.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Fundamental concept; Yoruba “Aṣẹ,” Lucumí rendering “Aché.”

7. Achó

   • English: Ritual cloth used in offerings, cleansings, and as spiritual coverings; color and type correspond to different Orishas.

     • Example: Achó funfun – white cloth used for Obatalá or “cooling” work.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Also spelled “Acho”; treated with respect according to context.

8. Adimú

   • English: A non-blood food offering to an Orisha; may include items like roasted corn (awadó), smoked fish (eyá), etc.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Sacred nourishment presented to the Orishas.

9. Adimú Orisha

   • English: An Orisha who is honored/received in ceremony for offering purposes but not fully initiated or crowned (i.e., not full kariocha).

     • Examples: Olokun, Osun, Orisha Oko.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Sometimes called “receiving adimú” versus full “santo” or crown.

10. Afoché

    • English: Positive ritual powder made of herbs, cascarilla, and sacred ingredients, blown over people or spaces to clear negativity and invite blessings.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Opposite is Ofoché (used for negative or harmful spiritual work).

11. Agogó

    • English: Ritual bell (usually iron or bronze) used to call Orishas or open/anchor ceremonial space.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Associated particularly with Obatalá and Oshún in some contexts.

12. Agban / Aguan / Agwán

    • English: A spiritual cleansing ritual, often performed at the feet of Babalu Ayé; uses grains, herbs, flowers, candles, and prayers to remove illness or heavy osogbo.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Variant spellings reflect dialectal differences.

13. Ahijado / Ahijada

    • English: Godchild in the Lucumí/Santería tradition; spiritually guided by a padrino (godfather) or madrina (godmother).

    • Lukumí / Notes: Integral relationship in initiation and ongoing spiritual mentorship.

14. Ajá

    • English: Ritual broom made of palm fibers; used especially by Babalu Ayé to sweep away illness and spiritual impurity.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Symbolic cleansing tool.

15. Akpuón (Akpón)

    • English: Lead singer in Lucumí ceremonies; directs the rhythm, invokes Orishas through chants, and modulates ritual energy via song.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Central to ceremony, guiding both drummers and participants.

16. Alafia

    • English: A favorable sign in Obí divination (four coconut pieces face upward), indicating peace, health, and spiritual approval.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Desired outcome in simple divination.

17. Alagbá

    • English: Respectful title for an elder male initiate; may serve as spiritual advisor or ceremonial assistant.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Honorific indicating seniority and experience.

18. Aleyó

    • English: Non-initiate or outsider to the religion; may receive consultations or participate in public rites, and could be on the path to initiation.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Literally “one who is not yet in the house.”

19. Amalá

    • English: Thick cornmeal and okra stew sacred to Shangó; often served with shrimp or meat, presented in banana leaves before his sopera.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Food offering embodying his energy.

20. Añá

    • English: The Orisha that inhabits consecrated batá drums; the drums are treated as living once consecrated. Only initiated omo Añá may play them.

      • Drums:

        • Iyá: Largest, “mother”

        • Itótele: Middle

        • Okónkolo: Smallest, “child”

    • Lukumí / Notes: Añá itself is sacred and not spoken of casually.

21. Ángel de la Guarda (Alagbatori)

    • English: The spiritual guardian or “head” Orisha of an initiate, revealed through divination and crowned in kariocha; acts as protector and guide.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Often called Alagbatori in Spanish-speaking Lucumí contexts.

22. Ará

    • English: The earthly realm; also used to denote regional spiritual lineages or traditions (e.g., Ará Matanzas).

    • Lukumí / Notes: “Ara” means “the earth” or “the domain.”

23. Ará Onú

    • English: Realm of the heavens and ancestors; home of elevated spirits and eggun.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Contrasts with Ará (earth) as the celestial/ancestral plane.

24. Arayé

    • English: Discord, conflict, or chaos; appears in divination as an osogbo indicating interpersonal or spiritual disturbance.

    • Lukumí / Notes: One of the problematic signs requiring corrective ebó.

25. Aro / Arun

    • English: Sickness or disease; can be physical, emotional, or spiritual. Appears in readings often tied to Babalu Ayé or Obatalá.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Considered an osogbo needing healing/intervention.

26. Ataré

    • English: Red chili pepper used to heat up energy, protect, and defend against witchcraft.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Associated with Eleguá and Shangó; acts as a spiritual accelerator and fortifier.

27. Ataná (Itana)

    • English: Candle used in ceremony representing light, spiritual presence, and guidance.

      • Ataná melli: A pair of candles representing balance or duality.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Color/number depends on ritual context.

28. Awó

    • English: “Secret” or “mystery.” Also a title for a Babalawo (Ifá priest).

    • Lukumí / Notes: Denotes both esoteric knowledge and the holder of it.

29. Awofakan / Ikofá

    • English: Ceremony to receive the Hand of Orunmila, establishing a direct connection to Ifá and revealing one’s primary odú.

      • Awofakan: For men

      • Ikofá: For women

    • Lukumí / Notes: Grants lifelong spiritual protection and guidance.

30. Ayé

    • English: The material world or earth; in divination it represents physical matters or worldly concerns.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Often contrasted with spiritual planes like Ará Onú.

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B

1. Babá

   • English: Means “father.” Can refer to a biological father, a spiritual elder, or be used as a respectful title for male Orishas (e.g., Babá Obatalá).

   • Lukumí / Notes: Honorific in Lucumí; denotes authority, lineage, or paternal spiritual connection.

2. Babalawo

   • English: High priest of the Regla de Ifá, devoted to Orunmila. Performs advanced divination using ekuele and the Ifá board, conducts Awofakan (men) and Ikofá (women) ceremonies, and advises on destiny and odú.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Separate but complementary to Regla de Ocha; bearer of Ifá’s wisdom.

3. Babaloricha (Babalocha)

   • English: Fully initiated male priest in Regla de Ocha (Santería) who has crowned godchildren; acts as padrino (godfather).

   • Lukumí / Notes: Female counterpart is Iyaloricha (Iyalocha).

4. Baño de Mewa (Bath of Mewa)

   • English: Powerful spiritual cleansing using ten specific herbs to remove heavy osogbo, illness, or aftermath of spiritual shock.

   • Lukumí / Notes: “Mewa” means ten; the selected herbs vary by lineage but aim for completeness of purification.

5. Batá

   • English: Sacred set of three double-headed drums used in ceremonial music for the Orishas.

     • Iyá: Largest, “mother” drum

     • Itótele: Middle drum

     • Okónkolo: Smallest, “child” drum
       When consecrated they are considered alive with Añá; only initiated omo Añá may play them.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Añá inhabits the drums; treated with utmost reverence.

6. Bembé (Tambor)

   • English: Drumming ceremony held in honor of the Orishas, including singing, dancing, offerings, and sometimes possession (mounting).

   • Lukumí / Notes: Also called “toque de santo” when invoking Orishas; communal worship.

7. Bilongo

   • English: Spiritual bundle or charm composed of roots, herbs, bones, and symbolic materials used to attract, protect, or repel—creating spiritual effects.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Common in Palo but also integrated into Santería for specific works.

8. Bríkamo de Abakuá

   • English: Ritual mask used in Abakuá secret society ceremonies. Crafted of wood, cloth, and natural materials, often painted and decorated. Worn by masqueraders called íreme who represent powerful spirits during processions and rites.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Conceals identity while channeling sacred energy; symbolizes spiritual protection and ancestral connection.

9. Bóveda Espiritual (Bóveda)

   • English: Ancestral shrine used to connect with eggun (ancestral spirits), especially in Espiritismo Cruzado; site for misas espirituales.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Hybrid of Spiritism and Lucumí ancestral work; center for honoring lineage.

10. Bori (Iborí, Eborí)

    • English: Ritual feeding of the head to strengthen, cool, or align a person spiritually.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Critical for maintaining balance; tied to Orí and destiny.

11. Burukú

    • English: Denotes “bad” or “evil.” Used in constructs like iwá burukú (bad character) or osogbo burukú (deep misfortune).

    • Lukumí / Notes: Opposite of iré; indicates negativity that must be corrected through ritual work.

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C

1. Caballo

   • English: Literally “horse.” In ritual context, refers to a person who becomes possessed or “mounted” by an Orisha during trance; the Orisha uses the person as a vessel to communicate or work.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Also called elegún.

2. Cabildo

   • English: Afro-Cuban cultural or religious mutual aid society from colonial times; many evolved into ilé ocha and preserved African spiritual traditions.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Historical foundation for community organization.

3. Camino

   • English: A path or specific manifestation of an Orisha, each with distinct traits, preferences, and sacred stories (patakís).

   • Lukumí / Notes: Examples include Eleguá Afra, Obatalá Ayáguna.

4. Canastillero

   • English: Originally a cabinet for storing soperas; now refers to home altars or sacred spaces.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Central domestic shrine.

5. Cascarilla (Efún)

   • English: Sacred white chalk made from powdered eggshells; used for purification, protection, and spiritual markings.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Also called efún.

6. Coco (Obí)

   • English: Four-lobed coconut used in yes/no divination; fall patterns indicate messages from Orishas.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Basic divination tool.

7. Collar (Eleke, Ileke)

   • English: Consecrated beaded necklace representing an Orisha; given through initiation.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Holds the aché of the Orisha.

8. Cocodrilo (Alligator/Crocodile) — Ònì / Aluko

   • English: Symbolically significant reptile; appears in patakís as a force of transformation, protection, or guardian of mysteries.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Associated with Olokun, Yemayá, sometimes Ochosi; represents ancient wisdom and liminality.

9. Conuco

   • English: Small sacred cultivated plot used to grow ritual plants; symbolizes connection to nature and self-sufficiency.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Often associated with Orisha Oko or Osain.

10. Consulta (Registro)

    • English: Spiritual reading or divination session revealing condition, taboos, remedies, and alignment.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Foundation for determining work needed.

11. Cuarto de Santo (Igbodú)

    • English: Sacred inner room used for major initiations like kariocha; ritually sealed.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Also called igbodú; treated as consecrated space.

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D

1. Derecho

   • English: Payment, offering, or honorarium given for spiritual work or services (consulta, misa, ritual). Expresses gratitude and respect to the practitioner.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Can also denote the proper spiritual “due” to maintain balance after receiving guidance or blessings.

2. Día del Medio

   • English: “The Middle Day” of the kariocha (initiation) week. The iyawó wears ceremonial white clothing; life reading (itá) is often performed, and visitors may pay respects.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Critical transitional point in the seven-day initiation process.

3. Dilogún

   • English: Divination system using 16 consecrated cowrie shells to receive messages from Orishas, revealing odús, taboos, remedies, and spiritual condition.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Central tool for Olorishas and Santeros; interpretation requires training.

4. Divinación (Divination)

   • English: Spiritual process of receiving messages from Orishas, ancestors, or spirits to assess one’s condition (iré/osogbo) and determine necessary work. Methods include Obí, Dilogún, Ifá, and espiritismo.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Foundation for all corrective or blessing rituals.

5. Dudú

   • English: Means “black” in Lukumí/Yoruba; symbolically tied to mystery, depth, and power. Used in describing cloths, omiero ingredients, or associations of certain Orishas.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Not inherently negative; context matters (e.g., iwá dudú could imply hidden strength).

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E

1. Ebbó (Ebó)

   • English: Sacrifice or offering made to an Orisha to correct spiritual imbalance, remove osogbo, or manifest iré. Can involve cooked foods, animals, candles, herbs, or ritual acts determined through divination.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Prescribed by the itá or consulta; must be done precisely for effect.

2. Ebbó de Tres Meses

   • English: Ritual offering performed three months after kariocha (initiation) to reinforce the spiritual foundation of the new initiate.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Mandatory for iyawó; affirms ongoing protection and alignment.

3. Ebbó Misi

   • English: A spiritual bath or cleansing containing sacred herbs, cascarilla, cocoa butter, water, and sometimes flowers; used to purify and uplift the spirit.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Often part of corrective work or maintenance of iré.

4. Efún (Cascarilla)

   • English: Sacred white powder made from ground eggshells; used for purification, drawing spiritual boundaries, and protection.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Also called cascarilla; applied in markings, sprinkled, or included in baths.

5. Egun (Egún)

   • English: Ancestral spirits or the spirits of the dead, honored and communicated with via altars (bóveda espiritual) and proper propitiation.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Must be respected before working with Orishas; includes both blood and spiritual lineage ancestors.

6. Eledá

   • English: One’s personal divine guardian or spiritual owner of the head—akin to a higher self or spiritual custodian—revealed in divination.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Closely tied to Orí; central to destiny and alignment.

7. Elegún

   • English: A person who becomes possessed or “mounted” by an Orisha during trance; the vessel through which the Orisha communicates or acts.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Also called caballo; sacred state requiring care and protocol.

8. Eleke (Ileke, Collar)

   • English: Consecrated beaded necklace representing an Orisha; given through initiation and carrying that Orisha’s aché.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Specific color/pattern per Orisha; must be treated according to its rules.

9. Emí

   • English: The breath of life or vital force; the divine spark within every being.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Related conceptually to aché; animates existence.

10. Epó

    • English: Red palm oil used in offerings, cooking sacred foods, and spiritual preparations; favored by Eleguá, Shangó, and Ogún.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Integral to many adimús and ritual applications.

11. Epuele (Ekuele)

    • English: Divination chain used in Ifá by Babalawos; consists of eight segments (often coconut or metal) to cast and interpret odús in more complex readings.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Complements ikin; used in advanced Ifá divination.

12. Etawa (Itawa)

    • English: A sign in Obí divination where three pieces face up and one down; generally positive but may indicate conditional blessing needing clarification or ebó.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Requires context; not an outright “yes.”

13. Eyá (Eyá Ellá)

    • English: Dried smoked fish used in offerings, especially as part of the traditional adimú trio with ekú (jutía) and awadó (toasted corn).

    • Lukumí / Notes: Offered to Eleguá, Ogún, Yemayá, and others depending on work.

14. Eyife (Eyi Ifé)

    • English: Obí divination result with two coconut pieces up and two down—ambiguous or “maybe,” often prompting a rethrow or further clarification.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Not definitive; guidance to seek more precision.

15. Eyinlá (Eyilá)

    • English: Odú in the dilogún system corresponding to number 12, associated with deep spiritual evolution, heavy responsibility, and ancestral connection.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Requires careful handling; brings large lessons.

16. Eyioko

    • English: Odú number 2 in dilogún; tied to balance, partnership, creation, and sometimes conflict.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Dual nature—can reflect harmony or tension.

17. Eyiunle (Unle, Eyeunle)

    • English: Odú number 8; associated with messages from ancestors (Egún) and water spirits, involving duality and often linked to Yemayá.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Complex energy—ancestral and fluid.

18. Ewe (Ewé)

    • English: Sacred herbs used across Lucumí ritual practice in baths, omiero, ebó, and offerings; specific herbs correspond to different Orishas.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Examples: basil for Eleguá, guinea hen weed (anamu) for Obatalá.

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F

1. Feiticeira / Feiticeiro

   • English: Portuguese-influenced term sometimes used to refer to a witch or spiritual worker in Afro-Cuban contexts.

   • Lukumí / Notes: In Lukumí/Santería the more common terms are brujo/a or santero/a depending on initiation and role; usage varies by region and syncretism.

2. Feicita

   • English: Secretary or assistant who records the itá (life reading) during kariocha initiation, writing down taboos, guidance, and spiritual prescriptions.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Essential for preserving the initiate’s spiritual roadmap; usually a trusted initiated member of the house.

3. Foribale (F'orí balè)

   • English: Ritual salute involving touching the head to the ground in deep reverence to Orishas, elders, or sacred entities.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Sign of humility and respect; style can vary by Orisha and lineage.

4. Funfun

   • English: Means “white”; symbolizes purity, peace, and clarity. Used in ritual clothing, offerings, and consecration—especially for Obatalá.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Also referenced in achó funfun, cloth work, and spiritual cooling.

5. Fundamento

   • English: The physical vessel or sacred object in which an Orisha resides (e.g., consecrated otanes, tools). Represents the living presence of the Orisha and must be maintained with feeding and ritual care.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Foundation of the spiritual relationship; neglect of the fundamento disrupts iré.

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G

1. Gbogbo

   • English: Means “many” or “all.” Used in prayers, chants, and invocations to call widespread blessings or communal inclusion.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Often prefixed in phrases to amplify intention (e.g., invoking the collective power of many).

2. Güemilere (also Wemilere)

   • English: A drumming party or festival in honor of the Orishas; may be public or private and features music, dance, and offerings.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Unlike a strictly sacred bembé, may not use consecrated batá drums; more festive in tone but still devotional.

3. Guerreros (The Warriors)

   • English: Group of four Orishas traditionally received early in a practitioner’s path: Eleguá (opener), Ogún (iron/labor), Ochosi (justice/hunter), and Osun (head protection). They serve as foundational guardians and guides.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Often given together before full initiation; form a protective core on the spiritual journey.

4. Güiro

   • English: A percussion instrument (gourd with ridges) played with a stick to create rhythm in ceremonies; also represents the offering of rhythm and sound when batá drums aren’t used.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Symbolic of agricultural abundance and spiritual transmission via sound.                

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I

1. Ibaé

   • English: Sacred phrase used to honor or show respect for the dead or spiritual elders; roughly “may they rest in peace” or “blessings upon them in the next life.”

   • Lukumí / Notes: Common in ancestor veneration and funeral rites (Ituto).

2. Ibeá Ibeá Tonú

   • English: Ritual expression invoking harmony and spiritual order; spoken during ceremonies or to affirm correctness.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Esoteric in full power, traditionally taught orally within lineage.

3. Ibedji (Ibèjì)

   • English: Sacred divine twins; represent balance, duality, and harmony.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Honored especially when twins are born; connected in some patakís to Shangó.

4. Ibeyibon

   • English: Spirit believed to cause repeated infant death or misfortune; these children’s souls are thought to return to the spirit world unless disrupted by ritual.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Requires specific ceremonies to break the cycle and protect future children.

5. Iddé (Idé)

   • English: Consecrated beaded bracelet worn by initiates for protection.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Received ceremonially; linked to the wearer’s guardian Orisha.

6. Igbodú

   • English: Sacred inner room used for major initiations like kariocha; ritually sealed and prepared.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Access restricted during ceremonies; space of spiritual rebirth.

7. Igbo / Ibo

   • English: Tools or confirmation devices used in divination to clarify an odú (may include coins, bones, shells, etc.).

   • Lukumí / Notes: Assist in refining the reading.

8. Ikú

   • English: Death; one of the most feared osogbos, can be literal or symbolic.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Sometimes personified; requires special rituals to address or appease.

9. Ilé

   • English: House or spiritual dwelling in general; can refer to a sacred household or community space.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Foundation for spiritual life and lineage.

10. Ilé Ocha

    • English: Santería house or religious community; the “House of the Orishas.”

    • Lukumí / Notes: Includes temple, godparents, godchildren, and lineage; institutional and spiritual center.

11. Iña

    • English: Osogbo of tragedy or great loss; appears in divination and often calls for strong corrective work.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Deep suffering, sometimes ancestral in origin.

12. Iré

    • English: Blessing, good fortune, or positive spiritual alignment.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Opposite of osogbo; indicates being in harmony.

13. Iré Arikú

    • English: Blessing of long life and vitality.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Highly valued; often invoked as “iré arikú babawa.”

14. Iré Ará

    • English: Blessing of physical health and well-being.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Associated with Obatalá and Babalu Ayé.

15. Iré Ayé

    • English: Worldly or material blessing—prosperity, success, and status.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Linked to Eleguá, Ochún, and Orisha Oko.

16. Iré Ayo

    • English: Blessing of joy, emotional peace, and celebration.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Expressed through community, music, and sweetness.

17. Iré Tesiwaju

    • English: Blessing of progress and forward movement.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Desired for growth in life or projects.

18. Iré Owo

    • English: Blessing of money or financial success.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Associated with Orisha Oko, Eleguá, and Ochún.

19. Iré Omo

    • English: Blessing of children or fertility.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Connected to Yemayá, Obatalá, and lineage continuation.

20. Iré Orisha

    • English: Divine favor directly from an Orisha; indicates active presence and support.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Strengthens the spiritual relationship.

21. Iré Orí

    • English: Blessing of one’s spiritual head or destiny; alignment with personal path.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Core to success and spiritual integrity.

22. Iré Igi

    • English: Blessing of lineage or family tree; generational protection.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Symbolized as a tree root and legacy.

23. Iré Yeyé

    • English: Maternal or nurturing blessing.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Often from Oshún, Yemayá, or spiritual mother figures.

24. Iré Eledá

    • English: Blessing through one’s divine guardian (Eledá).

    • Lukumí / Notes: Closely related to Orí but focuses on the higher spiritual custodian.

25. Iyalorisha (Iyalocha)

    • English: Female priestess who is fully initiated and has crowned godchildren.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Spiritual mother and head of her ilé.

26. Iyá

    • English: Means “mother”; used for biological mothers, godmothers, or senior priestesses.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Title of respect and authority.

27. Iyawó (Iyabó)

    • English: Newly initiated person during their first year after kariocha; under ceremonial restrictions.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Stage of protected rebirth.

28. Iyaboraje

    • English: Full one-year period following initiation involving purity, learning, and maturation.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Critical formation phase.

29. Iyalorde

    • English: Royal title meaning “Queen Mother” or noble lady; often linked to Oshún and high-ranking female spiritual authority.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Embodies beauty, leadership, and grace.

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L

1. Libro de Itá

   • English: The sacred book where an initiate’s life reading (Itá) is recorded, containing odús, taboos, strengths, weaknesses, and spiritual guidance revealed during kariocha.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Usually handwritten by the feicita or godparent, preserved within the ilé, and consulted regularly throughout one’s spiritual life.

2. Lucumí (Lukumí)

   • English: The Afro-Cuban spiritual tradition derived from Yoruba religion; also refers to the liturgical language used in ceremonies—a blend of Yoruba terms and Spanish.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Synonymous with Regla de Ocha/Santería. Practiced primarily in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, and among diasporic communities.

3. Letra del Año

   • English: The “Letter of the Year”—an annual prophetic message delivered by Babalawos around New Year, comprising a major and minor odú, associated Orishas, and general taboos or advice for the coming year.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Practitioners adjust rituals and behaviors according to its guidance to maintain alignment and blessing.

4. Letra (Odú, Oddún, Signo)

   • English: A sacred sign or spiritual “letter” revealed in divination (dilogún or Ifá), each odú containing stories (patakís), taboos, remedies (ebó), and lessons.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Also called oddún or signo; interpretation requires training and shapes prescribed work.

5. Loro

   • English: Parrot. Considered a sacred bird in certain rituals, symbolizing communication between the spiritual and material realms.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Some lineages associate parrots with Orunmila or Ochosi; treated with reverence and rarely used in offerings.

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M

1. Mawuó

   • English: Greeting or praise expression in Lukumí, used to acknowledge the presence of sacred energy, elders, or spiritual alignment—roughly “blessed be” or “I honor you.”

   • Lukumí / Notes: Common in liturgy and ritual salutation.

2. Marilo / Mariwo (Palm Fronds)

   • English: Palm fronds used in ceremonial fencing, altar protection, veiling, and sacred delineation. Employed to shield, consecrate, and mark ritual space; creates a spiritual boundary and blessing.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Associated with multiple Orishas; used in cleansing, initiation, and as part of sacred enclosure work. Spellings vary by lineage/pronunciation.

3. Moyugba (Mo Yugba)

   • English: Opening prayer or salutation invoking permission from Orishas, ancestors, and higher powers; establishes order and protection before spiritual work.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Literally a formal “I greet” or “I give homage.”

4. Moforibale

   • English: Gesture of deep respect involving kneeling or touching the ground, often performed before elders, Orishas, or sacred spaces.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Signifies humility and spiritual reverence.

5. Meyi

   • English: Means “two” or “double”; refers to a repeated or paired odú (e.g., Obara Meyi) implying intensified energy in divination.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Also denotes paired spiritual phenomena like divine twins (Ibedji).

6. Misa Espiritual

   • English: Spiritual mass or séance conducted to communicate with eggun (ancestral spirits), involving prayer, song, and often mediumship or possession.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Common in Espiritismo and syncretic practice alongside Regla de Ocha.

7. Mewa

   • English: Means “ten.” Appears in names (e.g., Ogundá Mewa) and is the basis for cleansings like the Baño de Mewa.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Symbolizes completeness; used in powerful spiritual baths to reset balance.

8. Baño de Mewa

   • English: Spiritual bath using ten specific herbs to cleanse heavy osogbo, remove shock, or reset spiritual equilibrium.

   • Lukumí / Notes: See also entry under “B” for context; herbs vary by lineage but aim for comprehensive purification.

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O

1. Obatalá

   • English: One of the principal Orishas, associated with purity, wisdom, peace, and ethical clarity. Considered the father of humanity and many Orishas.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Colors: white (funfun). Sacred animal: ewuré (white goat). Symbols: iruke, crown, staff, silver.

2. Obí

   • English: Ritual coconut divination (four pieces) used for simple yes/no answers from Orishas.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Also called Obí Kolá.

3. Obí Meyi

   • English: “Double Obí” or reinforced/confirmation result; may involve two throws to clarify ambiguous messages.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Used when precision is needed.

4. Obiní

   • English: Woman.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Used in titles like Obiní Awo.

5. Obon

   • English: Wooden tray used in divination and ebó preparation to hold shells, herbs, and offerings.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Functional ritual implement.

6. Obouru

   • English: Salutation of deep reverence toward elders or sacred entities.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Respectful greeting in liturgy.

7. Ocha

   • English: Another term for Orisha or the religious tradition; “hacer ocha” means full initiation.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Synonymous with Regla de Ocha/Santería.

8. Ochinchin

   • English: Sacred dish for Oyá made with black-eyed peas, onions, shrimp, and eggs; symbolizes winds and transformation.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Food with symbolic Orisha energy.

9. Oddu (Odú, Oddún, Signo)

   • English: Generic term for divinatory signs; contain patakís, taboos, remedies, and guidance.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Foundational in readings.

10. Odí

    • English: Specific odú of transformation, secrecy, and feminine energy; linked to ancestral power.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Connected to Ochún, Yemayá, Obatalá.

11. Oshe (Oché)

    • English: Odú number 5 representing passion, charisma, and communication.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Tied to Shangó and Ochún; can signify gossip when negative.

12. Ogún

    • English: Orisha of iron, tools, labor, and war; patron of mechanics and laborers.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Symbols: machete, chain; animals: rooster, ram.

13. Okán

    • English: Emotional center or conscience; internal feeling.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Related to but distinct from Orí.

14. Okó (Orisha Okó)

    • English: Orisha of agriculture and justice; patron of fertility and farming.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Colors: red and white.

15. Okokan

    • English: “Only one” or unique; spiritually singular.

• Lukumí / Notes: Applied to offerings or paths of exceptional status.

16. Olokun

    • English: Orisha of the deep ocean, secret knowledge, transformation, and hidden wealth.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Gender-fluid in some lineages; closely connected to Yemayá and Orunmila.

17. Olorisha (Olosha)

    • English: Fully initiated priest/priestess of an Orisha in Regla de Ocha.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Synonymous with santero/santera or iworo.

18. Olofi / Olofin

    • English: Divine governing aspect; emanation representing cosmic order.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Invoked with reverence.

19. Olodumare

    • English: Supreme creator deity; source of all aché.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Approached through Orishas.

20. Omi

    • English: Water; sacred for cleansing, offerings, and life.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Especially significant as omi tutu.

21. Opa Orisha

    • English: Sacred staff or symbol of authority for Orishas (e.g., Obatalá’s staff).

    • Lukumí / Notes: Signifies power, presence, and command.

22. Orogbo (Bitter Kola)

    • English: Sacred item in Lucumí/Ifá rites symbolizing longevity, patience, and endurance.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Used in divination and stabilization.

23. Orí

    • English: Spiritual head or destiny; inner divine self.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Honored via rogación de cabeza.

24. Orisha (Osha)

    • English: Divine entities representing natural and human forces.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Each has unique domain and offerings.

25. Osain (Osáín, Ozain)

    • English: Orisha of herbal medicine and plant knowledge.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Patron of sacred herbs.

26. Oshosi (Ochosi)

    • English: Orisha of justice, hunting, and precision.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Works with Eleguá and Ogún.

27. Osun (Osún)

    • English: Orisha of spiritual vigilance and head protection.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Misalignment is serious.

28. Ochún (Oshún)

    • English: Orisha of love, beauty, rivers, and abundance.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Colors yellow/gold; sacred number 5.

29. Oyugbona (Yubona)

    • English: Second godparent in kariocha; supports the primary godparent.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Essential spiritual backup.

30. Owó

    • English: Money; spiritual and material exchange.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Associated with prosperity Orishas.

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P

1. Palo

   • English: Short for Palo Monte or Palo Mayombe, an Afro-Cuban religion of Congo origin that works with ancestral and nature spirits, herbalism, and the sacred cauldron (nganga).

   • Lukumí / Notes: Distinct from but often syncretized with Regla de Ocha/Santería; many practitioners are initiated in both. Emphasizes work with the dead, root magic, and spiritual bundles.

2. Patakí (Patakín)

   • English: Sacred myth or story explaining the behaviors, origins, and relationships of the Orishas; embedded in divination signs and used to convey moral and cosmological wisdom.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Each odú contains its own patakí; essential oral lore passed through lineage.

3. Pedimento

   • English: Formal spiritual petition or request made to an Orisha, often accompanied by an offering.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Can be spoken, written, or placed near an altar/sopera as part of devotional work.

4. Perro (Ajá Ayé)

   • English: Dog, sometimes referenced as a spiritual guardian or symbol; historically associated with fierceness and protection.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Called Ajá Ayé in Lucumí contexts; less common in modern practice but appears in older rites and symbolism.

5. Piedra (Otá)

   • English: Sacred consecrated stone serving as the physical seat or embodiment of an Orisha, placed in a sopera.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Bathed, fed, and attended as a living presence; not merely symbolic.

6. Pinaldo

   • English: Ceremonial ritual knife used in initiations, sacrifices, and sacred acts.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Consecrated and handled only by qualified priests; represents precision and spiritual authority.

7. Placetas

   • English: Ritual deposits left in nature (rivers, crossroads, forests, cemeteries) as part of ebó; often contain food, herbs, or symbolic items.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Must be delivered to appropriate spiritual sites for effectiveness.

8. Possession (Mounting / Trance)

   • English: Spiritual state in which an Orisha enters and temporarily inhabits a person (called caballo or elegún), using them as a vessel to communicate, heal, or act.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Highly sacred; protocols govern care during and after possession.

9. Puerta del Santo

   • English: “Door of the Saint”—the formal opening of ceremony, marking the initiation of spiritual communication through invocation, prayer, and ritual.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Begins the sacred exchange between devotees and Orishas.

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R

1. Regla de Ocha

   • English: The formal name for the Lukumí-based tradition commonly called Santería. “Regla” means order or rule; encompasses initiatory structure, Orisha worship, divination, ebó, and kariocha.

   • Lukumí / Notes: The organized system of practice centered on the Orishas; distinct from—but often overlapping with—Ifá.

2. Rezo

   • English: A prayer or chant, often rhythmic or sung, used to invoke, honor, or communicate with Orishas, ancestors, or spirits during ritual.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Integral to ceremony and offerings; may be accompanied by drums, bells, or movement.

3. Rogación de Cabeza (Coco / Rogación / Koborí Eledá)

   • English: Head-feeding ceremony to strengthen and align one’s Orí (spiritual head/destiny); involves coconut water, herbs, cotton, and prayers.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Restores balance, clarity, and protection; can be done at home or in temple as maintenance or corrective work.

4. Rollo de Santo

   • English: Spiritual bundle composed of herbs, cloth, and other consecrated materials used for protection, cleansing, or reinforcement.

   • Lukumí / Notes: May include written petitions, sacred plants, and symbolic items tied together for a specific purpose.

5. Rompimiento

   • English: The act of breaking or removing spiritual blockages, often achieved through cleansing rituals, ebó, or powerful scrubs.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Can involve baths, sweeps (saraye), or targeted work to free someone from entrenched osogbo.

6. Ron

   • English: Rum; used as an offering, for cleansing tools, poured as libation, or blown in ritual to empower and activate spiritual work.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Especially favored by Eleguá, Shangó, and Ogún; carries aché when used correctly.

7. Reglas de Ifá

   • English: The broader corpus of spiritual teachings and practices of Ifá, centered on Orunmila, divination, and destiny through odús.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Related to but institutionally separate from Regla de Ocha; practiced by Babalawos with their own initiations and hierarchy.

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S

1. Santero / Santera

   • English: Fully initiated priest or priestess in Regla de Ocha (Santería); has undergone kariocha and received their tutelary Orisha.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Also called iworo or olorisha in some contexts; empowered to do ebó, give readings, and guide others.

2. Santo (Ocha)

   • English: Refers both to the Orishas themselves and the initiation process. “Hacer el santo” = undergoing kariocha; “el santo bajó” = an Orisha mounted someone.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Can also mean receiving an Orisha in a non-full way (not full crown) depending on phrasing.

3. Sarayeye (Sarayeyeo)

   • English: Ritual cleansing or purification, often involving sweeps, herbs, or symbolic actions to remove negativity and restore balance.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Used before major work; establishes spiritual order and readiness.

4. Secreto

   • English: Hidden or sacred mysteries reserved for initiated practitioners; includes prayers, songs, ritual processes, and knowledge not shared publicly.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Each Orisha and lineage has its propios secretos; breach is spiritually harmful.

5. Sopera

   • English: Ceramic vessel that houses an Orisha’s consecrated stone (otá); the living seat of the Orisha in a home or temple.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Painted and dressed; fed and maintained regularly as the Orisha’s residence.

6. Sinagoga

   • English: Colloquial term (not traditional) for a loosely organized spiritual working space or center, sometimes used for espiritista-style houses outside formal Lucumí structure.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Usage varies regionally; often denotes hybrid or informal practice environments.

7. Spiritismo (Espiritismo)

   • English: Spiritualist practice focusing on communication with ancestors and spirits, often through mediumship, séances, and ancestral altars.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Frequently practiced alongside Santería in syncretic contexts; uses bóveda espiritual, misas, and possession.

8. Susu

   • English: Monetary offering or ritual payment, typically folded or presented as part of ebó or homage.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Symbol of exchange and gratitude; can be collected collectively or used in specific ritual contexts.

9. Suerte

   • English: “Luck” or fortune; assessed in divination and can be enhanced, restored, or protected through ritual work.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Opposite of osogbo; may require ebó, rogación, or alignment to maintain.

10. Santo Lavado

    • English: A simplified or symbolic reception of an Orisha without full kariocha; involves dressing, cleansing, and connecting spiritually but is not considered a full initiation.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Respected practice for alignment or protection when full initiation isn’t done.

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T

1. Tablero de Ifá

   • English: Divination tray used by Babalawos in the Ifá system, typically wooden and inscribed, rubbed with sacred powder; used with opele or ikin to reveal odús.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Central in Ifá divination; treated as a sacred interface.

2. Tabú (Ewo)

   • English: Spiritual prohibition or restriction revealed during divination (Itá or consulta); must be observed to maintain iré or avoid osogbo.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Can include foods, behaviors, colors, or actions; compliance is essential for balance.

3. Tambor (Toque de Santo / Bembé)

   • English: Drumming ceremony to invoke and honor Orishas, often involving music, dance, song, and spirit mounting.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Includes batá or other sacred rhythms; community worship and possession are common outcomes.

4. Tambores Batá

   • English: Consecrated set of three batá drums (Iyá, Itótele, Okónkolo) inhabited by Añá; used in Lucumí ceremonial music.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Played only by initiated omo Añá; considered living and sacred.

5. Templo (Ilé Ocha)

   • English: House of worship for the Orishas; the religious community including altars, soperas, initiates, and spiritual leadership.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Also called ilé ocha; the institutional and spiritual center of practice.

6. Tenkuá / Tenquén

   • English: Rare ritual shout or exclamation used to raise energy or begin invocation; part of call-and-response in liturgy.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Lineage-specific; functions as an opening or energizing vocal signal.

7. Tira de Caracoles (Dilogún)

   • English: The set of 16 consecrated cowrie shells used in Santería divination to reveal odús, iré/osogbo, and spiritual messages.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Core tool of dilogún readings; each configuration carries layered meaning.

8. Toque (Toque de Santo)

   • English: Specific drumming rhythm or ceremonial invocation used to call down Orishas; can refer both to the rhythm and the event.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Distinct from general festival (bembé); different Orishas have characteristic toques.

9. Trampa (Spiritual Trap)

   • English: Ritual arrangement designed to trap, neutralize, or remove negative energy or attacks.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Constructed with specific objects, powders, and intention by experienced practitioners to protect, heal, or reverse curses.

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U

1. Unfó

   • English: Spiritual heaviness or darkness; a blockage that clouds clarity, energy flow, or spiritual alignment.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Not used in all lineages; when present it often needs clearing rituals like sarayeye, paraldo, or head feeding (rogación) to lift.

2. Unle (Oúnlé)

   • English:

     • a. An offering placed directly on the ground, symbolizing humility and giving straight to the earth or crossroads (commonly used in Eleguá/Eshu work).

     • b. The odú number 8 in the dilogún divination system, associated with ancestral messages, duality, and fluid/water-related energies.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Dual usage depends on context; as an offering it expresses grounded petitioning, and as a divinatory sign it conveys layered ancestral or balancing guidance.

 

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W

1. Wintura (Wintera, Wintura Kalalú)

   • English: Sacred herb used in spiritual cleansings and baths, especially for removing envy, negativity, and heavy spiritual influence.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Often included in baños, sarayeye, or omiero; considered strong for protection and clearing obstructions.

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Y

1. Yemayá (Yemoja)

   • English: Orisha of the ocean, motherhood, and the womb of creation; embodies nurturing protection, fertility, and emotional discipline.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Colors: blue and white. Symbols: seashells, moon, fan. Animals: duck (pékan), fish. Caminos include Yemayá Asesu, Yemayá Okute, Yemayá Mayelewo.

2. Yegua (Yegwa)

   • English: Female horse.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Symbolically associated with Oyá in death-transition contexts; rare/restricted in practice.

3. Yiyi Ayeo

   • English: Ritual phrase or chant evoking joy, celebration, and positive energy; used during festive ceremonies.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Symbolizes iré ayo (blessing of joy); appears in call-and-response and to raise communal spirit.

4. Yubona (Oyugbona)

   • English: The second godparent in kariocha initiation; supports and can assume responsibility if the primary godparent is absent.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Also spelled Oyugbona; essential for balance and continuity in the iyawó’s first year.

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Z

1. Zanja (La Zanja)

   • English: A spiritual portal or crossroad, often at the edge of a cemetery or body of water; used in rituals involving Oyá, Egungún, or death-transition work.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Offerings are left here to remove heavy or harmful spiritual forces. Considered a liminal zone between the living and the dead.

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Iré (Blessings)

1. Iré

   • English: General term for blessing, good fortune, or positive spiritual alignment; the opposite of osogbo.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Indicates harmony with one’s path; may still require maintenance through ritual to sustain.

2. Iré Arikú

   • English: Blessing of long life and vitality.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Deeply prized; often invoked as “iré arikú babawa” (long life from our father).

3. Iré Ará

   • English: Blessing of physical health and bodily well-being.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Associated with Orishas like Obatalá and Babalu Ayé; implies recovery and strength.

4. Iré Ayé

   • English: Worldly or material blessing—prosperity, success, status, and abundance in the physical realm.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Linked to Eleguá, Oshún, and Orisha Oko; reflects favorable conditions in life endeavors.

5. Iré Ayo

   • English: Blessing of joy, happiness, emotional peace, and celebration.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Expressed through community, music, and sweetness; often associated with Oshún and Yemayá.

6. Iré Tesiwaju

   • English: Blessing of progress, advancement, and forward movement in projects or personal development.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Desired for growth; can be tied to leadership energy (Shangó, Ogún) when ambition is involved.

7. Iré Owo

   • English: Financial blessing or wealth—favorable flow of money/resources.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Associated with Orisha Oko, Eleguá, and Oshún; reflects prosperity and economic alignment.

8. Iré Omo

   • English: Blessing of children, fertility, or healthy lineage.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Connected to Yemayá, Obatalá, and ancestral continuity.

9. Iré Orisha

   • English: Favor or direct assistance from one’s Orisha—sign that the Orisha is actively present and supporting.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Strengthens the spiritual relationship; often shows as visible guidance or protection.

10. Iré Orí

    • English: Blessing from one’s Orí (spiritual head/destiny), indicating alignment with purpose and inner self.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Foundational for personal success; maintained via rituals like head feeding (rogación de cabeza).

11. Iré Igi

    • English: Blessing of lineage, family tree, or generational strength—protection and continuity through descendants.

    • Lukumí / Notes: “Tree” symbolism; safeguards legacy and family stability.

12. Iré Yeyé

    • English: Maternal or nurturing blessing—care, support, and emotional sustenance.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Often from spiritual mothers like Oshún or Yemayá; embodies tender guidance.

13. Iré Eledá

    • English: Blessing through one’s divine guardian (Eledá), closely tied to destiny and spiritual contract.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Related to Orí but emphasizes the higher self or spiritual custodian’s endorsement.

14. Iré Oko

    • English: Blessing related to relationships, marriage, or romantic partnership—harmony, reunion, or stability in love.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Influenced by Orishas connected to unions, often involving Ochún, Shangó, or Yemayá.

Ritual / Sacrificial Animals

1. Gallo (Rooster) – Akukó

   • English: Rooster used in offerings and cleansing work; associated with vitality, sacrifice, and spiritual transmission.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Sacred to Eleguá, Shangó, Ogún, and Oyá; used to absorb or carry away osogbo and to activate iré when offered properly.

2. Gallina (Hen) – Adié

   • English: Hen used in rituals for fertility, peace, and feminine energies.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Associated with Yemayá, Obatalá, and Oshún; often used in works to balance emotion or restore harmony.

3. Guinea Hen – Etú

   • English: Sacred bird used in powerful ceremonies, especially for purification and ancestral work.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Linked with Oshún and Obatalá; its feathers or presence carry strong cleansing energy.

4. Paloma (Dove) – Eyelé

   • English: Dove symbolizing peace and purity; used in white or “elevated” rituals.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Represents divine elevation and is used in offerings to Obatalá and other benevolent energies.

5. Codorniz (Quail) – Oyún

   • English: Quail used in head-cleansing (rogación de cabeza) and protective rites.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Symbolically tied to clarity and purification; sometimes used in conjunction with Obatalá’s work.

6. Pato (Duck) – Pápá

   • English: Duck representing feminine energy and used in spiritual cleansings and omiero.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Associated with Oshún and Yemayá; its energy helps with emotional balance and fluidity.

7. Chivo (Goat) – Ewuré

   • English: Goat commonly offered to remove heavy spiritual loads and osogbo.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Linked with Eleguá, Ogún, and Ochosi; powerful for cleansing deep-seated misfortune.

8. Carnero (Ram) – Agbó

   • English: Ram symbolizing fire, power, and masculine spiritual authority.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Sacred to Shangó; used in high-level ritual work and offerings to amplify leadership, strength, and justice.

9. Cerdo (Pig) – Elede

   • English: Pig used rarely; holds symbolic or restricted status in some stories and offerings.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Sometimes associated with Ogún; usage can be lineage-specific and often governed by patakís.

10. Vaca (Cow) – Máálú

    • English: Cow rarely sacrificed; symbolizes abundance, stability, and sometimes used in offerings with deep symbolic value.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Milk may be offered to Obatalá or Yemayá; the animal represents nurturing and grounding.

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Spiritually Symbolic or Representative Animals

1. Perro (Dog) – Ajá

   • English: Dog as spiritual guardian or messenger; protector in certain contexts.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Associated with Eleguá and Babalu Ayé; embodies vigilance and spiritual tracking.

2. Gato (Cat) – Kítí

   • English: Cat symbolizing mystery, protection, and agility; not typically used in sacrifice.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Represents subtle spiritual watchfulness.

3. Caballo (Horse) – Kékéré (symbolic)

   • English: Symbol of possession—person serving as the “horse” for an Orisha in trance.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Vessel for Orisha communication.

4. Tortuga (Turtle) – Ayaba

   • English: Symbol of wisdom, endurance, and duality of land/sea.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Associated with Yemayá and Olokun; honored symbolically.

5. Pez (Fish) – Ẹja

   • English: Fish used in food offerings (adimú) for water-Orishas.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Offered to Yemayá, Oshún, Olokun; symbolizes flow and sustenance.

6. Serpiente (Snake) – Ẹjò

   • English: Symbol of transformation, knowledge, and the underworld.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Linked to Orunmila and Eggún; not usually sacrificed.

7. Buitre (Vulture) – Icolé / Ikóle

   • English: Represents purification and spiritual cleansing.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Sacred to Oshún; seen as divine messenger and cleanser of waste.

8. Eyelé Funfun (White Dove)

   • English: Extremely sacred emblem of peace, clarity, and elevation.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Especially tied to Obatalá; never used negatively.

9. Ekún (Leopard / Panther)

   • English: Symbol of strength, stealth, and nobility.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Associated with Oyá; used in imagery and symbolism.

10. Cocodrilo (Alligator/Crocodile) – Ònì / Aluko

    • English: Symbolically potent reptile appearing in patakís as guardian, transformer, and keeper of mysteries.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Connected to Olokun, Yemayá, and occasionally Ochosi; represents ancient wisdom, liminality, and protection. Not commonly sacrificed.

11. Elefante (Elephant) – Erin

    • English: Symbol of memory, ancestral power, and spiritual stability.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Linked to Obatalá and Oduduwá; appears in iconography, charms, and altar symbolism.

General & Cleansing Herbs 

1. Albahaca (Basil)

   • English: Herb used for purification, attracting prosperity, and love; commonly included in omiero and spiritual baths.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Offered to Orishas like Obatalá and Oshún for cleansing and sweetness of energy.

2. Ruda (Rue)

   • English: Strong banishing and protection herb; breaks hexes, wards off witchcraft, and clears negative influences.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Used in limpiezas and to guard against spiritual attack; often part of boundary-clearing mixes.

3. Romero (Rosemary)

   • English: Clears mental confusion, dispels stagnant or negative energy, and supports clarity.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Used in rogaciones and head-cleansing work; prized for spiritual sharpness.

4. Eucalipto (Eucalyptus)

   • English: Cooling, healing, and cleansing plant; used to remove energetic illness and heavy spiritual weight.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Applied in steam baths, sprays, and spiritual fumigations for lift and breath renewal.

5. Caña Santa (Lemongrass)

   • English: Herb that relieves emotional heaviness and calms the spirit; ideal for peaceful omiero and cleansing rituals.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Softens harsh energies and supports transition from distress to balance.

6. Espanta Muerto (“Ghost Chaser”)

   • English: Powerful herb used to repel unwanted spirits and disturbances.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Employed in limpiezas and ancestral clearing; helps protect from residual spiritual debris.

7. Guásima (Guazuma ulmifolia)

   • English: Used in deep spiritual cleansings, especially in ancestral work and Eggún-related rituals.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Strong for clearing generational or heavy ancestral blockages.

8. Almácigo (Bursera simaruba)

   • English: Burned in fumigations for purification and defense against negative spiritual attacks.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Used in high-level cleansings; considered stabilizing and protective.

9. Apazote / Epazote (Chenopodium ambrosioides)

   • English: Potent cleansing herb for layered spiritual issues; often blended with others to amplify clearing.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Used when basic scrub isn’t enough—cuts through entrenched osogbo.

10. Anamú (Petiveria alliacea)

    • English: Herb that wards off witchcraft and dark intentions; used in floor washes, protective baths, and heavy cleansings.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Linked with Babalu Ayé and Ogún; anchors protection and breaks hexes.

11. Mastranto (Mexican Mint Marigold)

    • English: Herb used to drive away spirits and negativity; incorporated into home cleansings and deeper spiritual works.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Strong for resetting heavy osogbo; often combined with other purifying plants.

12. Coronilla (Lantana)

    • English: Calms agitation and stabilizes turbulent energy; used in cleansing rituals to restore balance.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Supports emotional and spiritual grounding before or after major work.

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Herbs for Prosperity, Love & Harmony

11. Hierba Buena (Spearmint)

    • English: Brings freshness, joy, and mental clarity; used in love works and to uplift energy.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Lightens burdens and sweetens spiritual conditions.

12. Perejil (Parsley)

    • English: Attracts prosperity and love; used in floor washes and money-drawing rituals.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Symbolizes growth and flourishing in personal/financial matters.

13. Verdolaga (Purslane)

    • English: Promotes health and wealth; used in grounding baths and abundance workings.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Offered to Yemayá and incorporated for stabilization.

14. Flor de Agua (Water Flower)

    • English: Soft, sweet energy herb associated with beauty, love, and feminine grace.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Offered to Oshún and Yemayá in works for attraction and harmony.

15. Botón de Oro (Buttercup)

    • English: Invokes blessings, sweetness, and peace; used in attraction and healing rituals.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Helps soften resistance and draw in favorable energy.

16. Yerba Luisa (Lippia alba)

    • English: Emotionally balancing herb; commonly used in rogaciones and omiero for calm and clarity.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Supports centering and integration of spiritual insight.

17. Guarapo de Caña (Sugarcane Juice)

    • English: Symbol of sweetness and abundance; used to “sweeten” lives, relationships, and outcomes.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Favored in works with Ochún and prosperity petitions.

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Orisha-Specific & Sacred Plants

18. Ceiba (Iroko / Silk Cotton Tree)

    • English: Extremely sacred tree representing ancestral connection. Offerings made at its base for Eggún and spiritual communion.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Portal between worlds; venerated in public and private shrines.

19. Yagruma (Cecropia)

    • English: Aids spirit communication and calms nervous energy; used in ancestral and healing rites.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Helps settle energy for Eggún work; brings gentle clarity.

20. Malva (Mallow)

    • English: Soothing and healing herb, associated with peace and clearing agitation.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Linked with Obatalá; used to calm iré and stabilize spiritual states.

21. Jobo (Hog Plum)

    • English: Strong cleanser often paired with Babalu Ayé work; dispels disease energy and heavy osogbo.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Used in restorative baths and cleansing rituals after illness or spiritual shock.

22. Culantro Cimarrón (Eryngium foetidum)

    • English: Sharp, protective herb adding strength to omiero and ebó; used for clearing and fortifying.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Enhances resilience in spiritual works; cuts through stuck energy.

23. Avellana (Hazelnut Leaves)

    • English: Used for mental clarity and spirit communication; appears in rogaciones and offerings.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Assists in connecting with messages and enhancing perception.

24. Coronilla (Lantana)

    • English: Calms agitation and supports head-cleansing work.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Often included in rituals to stabilize emotional turbulence.

25. Sauce (Willow)

    • English: Used for emotional release and grief processing; supports transitional healing.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Linked to Yemayá and ancestral women; eases letting go.

26. Marilo / Mariwo (Palm Fronds)

    • English: Used in ceremonial fencing, altar veiling, protection, and sacred delineation.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Creates spiritual boundaries; essential in initiation and enclosure.

27. Flor de Muerto (Marigold / Tagetes)

    • English: Ancestor flower used to open the way to the spirit world and honor Eggún.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Strong in ancestral altars and misas espirituales.

28. Guayaba (Guava Leaves)

    • English: Clears spiritual disease and opens blocked roads; used for cleansing and protection.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Supports removal of stagnation and refreshment of spiritual pathways.

29. Flor de San Diego (Tagetes erecta)

    • English: Soothes malevolent spirits and promotes peaceful sleep; used in protective rituals.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Gentle clearing energy, often placed near beds or altars.

30. Orégano

    • English: Brings joy and healing; used in mild cleansings and love-related works.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Softener of hard edges; harmonizes energy.

31. Pino (Pine Needles)

    • English: Powerful protector that clears residual spiritual residue and defends spaces.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Common in floor washes, fences, and boundary work.

32. Menta (Mint)

    • English: Freshens energy and uplifts mood; used in purification and pleasant spiritual perfumes.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Often included in love or clarity rituals for brightness.

33. Higuera (Fig Leaves)

    • English: Used for fertility, ancestral connection, and generational blessings.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Appears in family-based works and protections of lineage.

34. Tamarindo (Tamarind Leaves)

    • English: Neutralizes heavy negativity; used in strong limpiezas and expulsion of persistent osogbo.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Helps reset after deep spiritual disturbance.

35. Jengibre (Ginger)

    • English: Activates and energizes spiritual works; heats up intentions, breaks blockages, and empowers baths.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Catalyst for transformation and movement.

36. Roble (Oak)

    • English: Symbol of strength and protection; leaves used in ebó and for Orishas like Ogún and Shangó.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Grounds spiritual authority and endurance.

37. Palmas (Palm Leaves)

    • English: Used for sacred veiling, fencing, and omiero; ties to multiple Orishas in ritual structure.

    • Lukumí / Notes: Versatile—used in initiation, protection, and as a conduit of life.

Body Parts & Inner Spiritual Centers

1. Orí

   • English: The spiritual head or inner destiny; one’s divine consciousness that guides purpose and alignment.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Core of personal success and protection; honored via rogación de cabeza to keep one aligned with their path.

2. Inú

   • English: The inner self or heart—represents emotion, will, and internal state.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Reflects sincerity, feeling, and personal intent; balance of inú supports spiritual health.

3. Ọ̀fọ̀

   • English: The mouth or speech; sacred because words carry aché (spiritual power) and can bless or curse.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Responsible use is essential—ritual language, prayers, and decrees draw power from ọ̀fọ̀.

4. Ẹ̀sẹ̀

   • English: Feet; symbolize one’s spiritual path, foundation, and grounding.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Cleanliness and alignment of ẹ̀sẹ̀ reflect stability in movement through life.

5. Ọwọ́

   • English: Hands; instruments of action, giving, healing, and creation.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Used in offerings, ritual gestures, and transfer of energy—must be ritually clean in sacred work.

6. Ọkàn

   • English: The emotional center or “heart” in the sense of feeling and conscience.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Governs internal affection and moral compass; distinct but related to Orí and Inú.

7. Ẹ̀jẹ̀

   • English: Blood; carries aché and ancestral connection.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Highly sacred; central in certain offerings and symbolic of life force and lineage.

8. Ojú

   • English: Eyes; associated with vision, perception, and spiritual insight.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Represents clarity of seeing both physical and spiritual truth.

9. Ẹnu

   • English: Mouth (as expression); vehicle for verbo—spoken power, prayer, and invocation.

   • Lukumí / Notes: Closely tied to ọ̀fọ̀; what is spoken shapes reality.